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A Competitive Vision for American Education Theodore
J. Forstmann
The 13th-century Italian poet Dante observed, "A great flame follows a little spark." For me, the spark was ignited by my involvement, beginning many years ago, with the Inner City Scholarship Fund, which is run by the Archdiocese of New York. I was so impressed with their success in helping to educate children at half of what it costs the public schools to fail to educate the same children that I thought, why not start a similar enterprise to help low-income families seek a good education wherever it can be found? I got together with John Walton, one of the directors of Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., and we offered 1,000 scholarships to low-income students in Washington, D.C. After a few months, with virtually no media coverage and no advertising, we had received nearly 8,000 applications. This huge demand persuaded us to go national. In June 1998 we donated $100 million toward funding 40,000 scholarships, and the Children’s Scholarship Fund (CSF) was born. We had never done anything like this before, and we were learning as we went along. Throwing a lifeline to kids trapped in the worst schools seemed like a good idea, but would others be willing to brave the inevitable controversy and support our cause? We soon found out. Those who stepped forward to join the CSF board included civil rights leaders such as former U.N. Ambasador Andrew Young, Southern Christian Leadership Conference President Martin Luther King III, and the YWCA’s Center for Racial Justice founder Dorothy Height; national leaders such as General Colin Powell, former White House Chief of Staff Erskine Bowles, former First Lady Barbara Bush, Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott, and Senate Minority Leader Tom Daschle; sports and entertainment figures such as baseball legend Sammy Sousa, actor Will Smith, former Walt Disney President Michael Ovitz, Black Entertainment Television founder Bob Johnson, and MTV President Tom Freston; and business leaders such as Mattel Chairman and CEO Jill Barad and America Online founder Jim Kimsey. The board’s diversity has been a source of strength and personal pride. But as we were lining up the members, I remarked to my partner, "The way things are going, you and I are going to end up being practically the only Republicans on CSF’s board." John replied, "Ted, I think there’s something I’d better tell you. I’m not a Republican." A Turning Point in American Education In truth, Republicans and Democrats from all walks of life were generous, not just with their time and effort but also with their money. Soon we had raised $70 million to add to our investment of $100 million, and on September 28, 1998, we announced programs in 40 cities and three states. As telephone calls, faxes, e-mails, and letters poured in, we thought, why limit our scholarships to these areas? We worked through the logistics, and on Oprah on February 2, 1999, we declared that we were making scholarships potentially available to every single low-income family in the United States of America. Nothing, not even our earlier experience in Washington, D.C., could prepare us for the explosive demand for scholarships. By the March 31, 1999 deadline, we had applicants from 22,000 cities and towns in all 50 states. In many cities, huge blocs of the eligible population applied: 26 percent in Chicago; 29 percent in New York; 33 percent in Washington, D.C.; and a whopping 44 percent in Baltimore. In total, over a six-month period the Children’s Scholarship Fund received 1.25 million private scholarship applications. Such an overwhelming response was almost inconceivable, especially since it came only from the relatively small segment of the population that had heard of our program. Please remember that this was no "free lunch." We were offering partial scholarships for low-income students. Their parents earned an average annual income of less than $22,000 and had to contribute, on average, $1,000 per year toward tuition. If all 1.25 million families who applied for our private scholarships contributed $1,000 every year for four years, it would add up to $5 billion. Five billion dollars from families that had very little but were willing to make great sacrifices in order to escape the system to which their children had been relegated. In anybody’s book this has to be an amazing demonstration of widespread dissatisfaction with the present education system — and of widespread demand for alternatives. That is why April 21, 1999 — CSF’s "National Lottery Day" — will be long remembered as a turning point in the history of American education. The parents of 1.25 million children put an end to the debate over whether low-income families want choice in education: They passionately, desperately, unequivocally do. Now it is up to the defenders of the status quo to tell them, and the millions they represent, why they cannot have it. We have heard the public education establishment’s arguments before. But as pressure for educational choice grows, as now it must, we are bound to hear them with increasing frequency and exaggeration. They tend to fall into four categories: (1) the policy argument, (2) the historical argument, (3) the civic argument, and (4) the legal argument. Like all arguments designed to deny freedom, they ultimately reveal a hollow core. The Policy Argument The policy argument against choice in education runs something like this: since 90 percent of American children are in the public education system, we must devote all our energies to "fixing" that system. We must also fight educational choice, because choice brings competition, and competition with "destroy" the public schools. It is certainly true that 90 percent of American children currently receive education from the government delivery system, or what we euphemistically call the "public education system." But this is precisely why we must embrace choice rather than reject it. A system that can command, indeed, enforce a 90 percent market share is a monopoly. And as everyone knows, monopolies produce bad products at high prices. Why? When there is no competition, customers have no alternatives. And when there are no alternatives, customers have to accept whatever a monopoly decides to produce and pay whatever a monopoly decides to charge. This is exactly the dismal record of the government’s longstanding monopoly in education. In the past forty years alone, public schools have almost quadrupled per-student spending while reducing the student/teacher ratio by nearly 40 percent. Yet overall student achievement has not improved, while areas as fundamental as basic literacy and school safety have worsened. Take just one example: Inner-city public schools in New York spend the hefty sum of $8,000 a year on each student. Yet half the students don’t make it to graduation. Parochial schools in the same neighborhoods send about $3,500 per student. Nearly all the students graduate and most go on to college or professional school. Is this because parochial schools and other private institution steal the "best" students from the public schools? Certainly not. They accept all kinds of students, including the learning impaired and physically disabled, the undisciplined and the underachieving. In the face of the shabby performance of public schools, not just in New York but across the nation, we are told that if we just keep plugging away at the same old failed solutions — if we spend more money, hire more teachers and administrators, create more government commissions and regulations — we will get different results. In the meantime, what happens to the child? To the defenders of the status quo this is not the primary concern. The primary concern is not what happens to the child if he is forced to stay, but rather what happens to the system if he is free to leave. By this reasoning, no matter how bad the situation gets, we must not help the child to leave, lest in leaving he makes a bad situation worse. Does this make any sense at all? Does the child exist to serve the system, or does the system exist to served the child? Even if the policy argument were not morally bankrupt, it runs counter to settled economic truths. Long before the Sherman Antitrust Act (a flawed but popular piece of legislation) was passed in 1890, Americans recognized that monopolies stifle innovation and defraud the customer. The solution has never been to increase the power of the monopoly. The only remedy, one that has worked time and time again in American experience, is to encourage competition. The Historical Argument Competition may be deeply ingrained in our nation, but according to opponents of choice so, too, is public education. This is the historical argument against choice, which alleges that American was founded upon a system in which government was given the primary responsibility for educating citizens. In other words, the public schools constitute the very underpinnings of our democracy, and they reflect our founding fathers’ deepest aspirations and ideals. The problem with this argument is that it is false. The government delivery system we have come to know as public education wasn’t established until nearly 100 years after the American founding. The system is forcibly replaced — the system of education our country was founded upon — was characterized above all by diversity, competition, and choice. Parents could choose from different options, while competition spurred innovation and expanded services. This approach wasn’t perfect, but it worked well, and it was improving steadily. Not only did it produce some of the greatest Americans in history, but it also produced a well-educated, highly literate citizenry. The Civic Argument Such revelations don’t seem to faze the anti-choice crowd. Its members simply "step over" history and move on to the civic argument against choice. They admit that the free market approach to education may have worked in a more homogeneous society, but they add tat in today’s "diverse culture" we need public schools to promote social harmony and teach civic values. At least this argument is a more honest echo of the sentiments first voiced by public education’s early pioneers. While Horace Mann and his followers did believe in the efficiency of a government model, there was also something else at work in the mid-19th century. Huge waves of immigration prompted many Americans to fear foreigners. Education reformers simultaneously played upon these fears to demand assimilation and to raise doubts about the ability of immigrant parents — confronted by language barriers as well as differences in religion, culture, and customs -–to make proper decisions about the best education for their children. The solution they proposed was to "filter" immigrant children through a standardized public system. Conflict began immediately. After the creation of uniform public institutions, families that had peacefully coexisted in all kinds of different schools (nondenominational, Catholic, Quaker, Lutheran, etc.) and in different curricular programs (emphasizing classical, technical, or vocational learning) now found themselves at odds with one another. Parents were faced with an unwelcome dilemma: either accept that others’ values would be imposed on their children or try to impose their own values by taking control of the system. The particular issues sparking conflict are always changing, but the dynamic remains the same. Look at the most recent battles over creationism, censorship, sex education, school prayer, values clarification, and the "rainbow curriculum." By claiming to deliver what families need, rather than giving them the power to pursue what they want, the public education system needlessly tramples individual rights and creates unnecessary conflict. The Legal Argument Why not enable parents to pursue the education they want for their children? According to the final argument against choice, it is against the law. Parents are caught in a "Catch-22" situation. The same people in the public schools, the teachers unions, the media, and the courts who insist that the First Amendment prevents children from exercising their faith within the public education system, argue that it also prevents them from using a fraction of their tax dollars in order to leave it. Since some children might flee to parochial and other religious schools, we are told that this would represent an unconstitutional establishment of state religion. This argument holds true if, and only if, you take one thing out of the picture: parents. In a competitive system, parents would receive the money and do the choosing. It is almost as if advocates of the government’s monopoly in education have so long discounted the customers — parents — that they have forgotten that they even exist. The irony is that while the current monopoly continues to shut out competition, nonprofit religious schools will be the only option many families are able to afford. This is a ridiculous situation. A truly open, competitive system would encourage all kinds of new suppliers to enter the market and to provide quality services. If I can persuade you, the reader, to look beyond the status quo for just one moment, perhaps you can begin to see the vibrant possibilities dancing on the horizon of a not-too-distant tomorrow. Who knows where the best schools will come from — Microsoft, IBM, the National Geographic Association, the New York Museum of Fine Arts, or maybe even you. To refuse to let such potential suppliers compete with a government monopoly is not only senseless, it is wrong. We have seen the wretched products and services state-sponsored monopolies have produced in the former Soviet Union. There has never been an 8industry, business, or product that competition has not improved. And here, the product is vital because it is our children. Freedom is What Matters The last weapons in the public education monopoly’s arsenal are fear and prejudice disguised as concern for the welfare of the disadvantaged. Thus its leaders insinuate (in politically correct terms, of course) that poor and minority parents won’t make good decisions when it comes to their children’s education. This argument not only underestimates America’s struggling families but it also undermines the central value that makes this country great. In America, we must place our faith in freedom and in the ability of ordinary, often humble people to make the best decisions, by their own lights, for themselves and for their families. The families of our 1.25 million Children’s Scholarship Fund applicants have lit the path to freedom, and they are leading the way.
Copyright © 1999. |
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